CMMI

1. What is CMMI and what's the advantage of implementing it in an organization?
   CMMI stands for Capability Maturity Model Integration. It is a process improvement approach that provides companies with the essential elements of an effective process. CMMI can serve as a good guide for process improvement across a project, organization, or division.

   CMMI was formed by using multiple previous CMM processes. 

   
   

   The following are the areas which CMMI addresses:

   
   

   

   
   

   Systems engineering: This covers development of total systems. System engineers concentrate on converting customer needs to product solutions and supports them throughout the product lifecycle.

   
   

   Software engineering: Software engineers concentrate on the application of systematic, disciplined, and quantifiable approaches to the development, operation, and maintenance of software.

   
   

   Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD): Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD) is a systematic approach that achieves a timely collaboration of relevant stakeholders throughout the life of the product to better satisfy customer needs, expectations, and requirements. This section mostly concentrates on the integration part of the project for different processes. For instance, it's possible that your project is using services of some other third party component. In such situations the integration is a big task itself, and if approached in a systematic manner, can be handled with ease.

   
   

   Software acquisition: Many times an organization has to acquire products from other organizations. Acquisition is itself a big step for any organization and if not handled in a proper manner means a disaster is sure to happen.
2. What's the difference between implementation and institutionalization?
   Both of these concepts are important while implementing a process in any organization. Any new process implemented has to go through these two phases.

   

   Implementation: It is just performing a task within a process area. A task is performed according to a process but actions performed to complete the process are not ingrained in the organization. That means the process involved is done according to the individual point of view. When an organization starts to implement any process it first starts at this phase, i.e., implementation, and then when this process looks good it is raised to the organization level so that it can be implemented across organizations. 

   
   

   Institutionalization: Institutionalization is the output of implementing the process again and again. The difference between implementation and institutionalization is in implementation if the person who implemented the process leaves the company the process is not followed, but if the process is institutionalized then even if the person leaves the organization, the process is still followed.
3. Can you explain the different maturity levels in a staged representation?
   There are five maturity levels in a staged representation as shown in the following figure.

   
   

   Maturity Level 1 (Initial): In this level everything is adhoc. Development is completely chaotic with budget and schedules often exceeded. In this scenario we can never predict quality. 

   
   

   Maturity Level 2 (Managed): In the managed level basic project management is in place. But the basic project management and practices are followed only in the project level.

   
   

   Maturity Level 3 (Defined): To reach this level the organization should have already achieved level 2. In the previous level the good practices and process were only done at the project level. But in this level all these good practices and processes are brought to the organization level. There are set and standard practices defined at the organization level which every project should follow. Maturity Level 3 moves ahead with defining a strong, meaningful, organizational approach to developing products. An important distinction between Maturity Levels 2 and 3 is that at Level 3, processes are described in more detail and more rigorously than at Level 2 and are at an organization level.

   
   

   Maturity Level 4 (Quantitatively measured): To start with, this level of organization should have already achieved Level 2 and Level 3. In this level, more statistics come into the picture. Organization controls the project by statistical and other quantitative techniques. Product quality, process performance, and service quality are understood in statistical terms and are managed throughout the life of the processes. Maturity Level 4 concentrates on using metrics to make decisions and to truly measure whether progress is happening and the product is becoming better. The main difference between Levels 3 and 4 are that at Level 3, processes are qualitatively predictable. At Level 4, processes are quantitatively predictable. Level 4 addresses causes of process variation and takes corrective action.

   
   

   Maturity Level 5 (Optimized): The organization has achieved goals of maturity levels 2, 3, and 4. In this level, processes are continually improved based on an understanding of common causes of variation within the processes. This is like the final level; everyone on the team is a productive member, defects are minimized, and products are delivered on time and within the budget boundary.

   
   

   The following figure shows, in detail, all the maturity levels in a pictorial fashion.

   
4. What are the different models in CMMI?
   There are two models in CMMI. The first is "staged" in which the maturity level organizes the process areas. 

   
   

   The second is "continuous" in which the capability level organizes the process area.

   

Software Testing Interview Questions and Answers

1. Does automation replace manual testing?
   Automation is the integration of testing tools into the test environment in such a manner that the test execution, logging, and comparison of results are done with little human intervention. A testing tool is a software application which helps automate the testing process. But the testing tool is not the complete answer for automation. One of the huge mistakes done in testing automation is automating the wrong things during development. Many testers learn the hard way that everything cannot be automated. The best components to automate are repetitive tasks. So some companies first start with manual testing and then see which tests are the most repetitive ones and only those are then automated.

   
   

   As a rule of thumb do not try to automate:

   • Unstable software: If the software is still under development and undergoing many changes automation testing will not be that effective.
   • Once in a blue moon test scripts: Do not automate test scripts which will be run once in a while.
   • Code and document review: Do not try to automate code and document reviews; they will just cause trouble.

   
   

   The following figure shows what should not be automated.

   
   

   

   
   

   All repetitive tasks which are frequently used should be automated. For instance, regression tests are prime candidates for automation because they're typically executed many times. Smoke, load, and performance tests are other examples of repetitive tasks that are suitable for automation. White box testing can also be automated using various unit testing tools. Code coverage can also be a good candidate for automation.
2. How does load testing work for websites?
   Websites have software called a web server installed on the server. The user sends a request to the web server and receives a response. So, for instance, when you type www.google.com the web server senses it and sends you the home page as a response. This happens each time you click on a link, do a submit, etc. So if we want to do load testing you need to just multiply these requests and responses "N" times. This is what an automation tool does. It first captures the request and response and then just multiplies it by "N" times and sends it to the web server, which results in load simulation.

   
   

   

   
   

   So once the tool captures the request and response, we just need to multiply the request and response with the virtual user. Virtual users are logical users which actually simulate the actual physical user by sending in the same request and response. If you want to do load testing with 10,000 users on an application it's practically impossible. But by using the load testing tool you only need to create 1000 virtual users.

   
   

   

Leg barriers gestures

Standard Leg-Cross Position

• One leg is crossed neatly over the other, usually the right over the left. This is the normal crossed-leg position used by European, British, Australian and New Zealand cultures and may be used to show a nervous, reserved or defensive attitude.
• For example, people often sit like this during lectures or if they are on uncomfortable chairs for long periods.
• When the crossed legs gesture is combined with crossed arms, the person has withdrawn from the conversation.

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The American Figure 4 Leg Lock Position

• This leg cross indicates that an argumentative or competitive attitude exists. It is the sitting position used by many American males who have a competitive nature. This being the case, it is difficult to interpret the attitude of an American during a conversation, but it is quite obvious when this gesture is used by a British citizen.
• The person who has a hard and fast attitude in an argument or debate will often lock the figure 4 into place with one or both hands, using them as a clamp. This is a sign of the tough-minded, stubborn individual who may need a special approach to break through his resistance.

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Standing Leg Cross Gestures

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The Ankle-Lock Gesture

• Male Version of Ankle Lock - is often combined with clenched fists resting on the knees or with the hands tightly gripping the arms of the chair.
• Femal Version of Ankle Lock - varies slightly the knees are held together, the feet may be to one side and the hands rest side by side or one on top of the other resting on the upper legs.

Arm barriers gestures

Standard Arm Cross Gesture

• The standard arm-cross gesture is a universal gesture signifying the same defensive or negative attitude almost everywhere. It is commonly seen when a person is among strangers in public meetings, queues, cafeterias, elevators or anywhere that people feel uncertain or insecure.

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Reinforced Arm-Cross Gesture

• The full arm-cross gesture the person has clenched fists, it indicates a hostile and defensive attitude.
• The person using this gesture cluster has an attacking attitude, as opposed to the person.

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Arm Gripping Gesture

• A superior type can make his superiority felt in the presence of persons he has just met by not folding his arms, but take an arm-fold gesture with both thumbs pointing vertically upwards.
• This gesture is the defensive version of both arms being held horizontally in front of the body with both thumbs up to show that the user is 'cool'.

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Partial Arm-Cross Barrier Gestures

• The full arm-cross gesture is sometimes too obvious to use around others because it tells them that we are fearful. Occasionally we substitute a subtler version - the partial arm cross, in which one arm swings across the body to hold or touch the other arm to form the barrier.
• The partial arm barrier is often seen at meetings where a person may be a stranger to the group or is lacking in self-confidence. Another popular version of a partial arm barrier is holding hands with oneself, a gesture commonly used by people who stand before a crowd to receive an award or give a speech.

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Disguised Arm-Cross Gestures

• Disguised arm-cross gestures are highly sophisticated gestures used by people who are continually exposed to others. This group includes politicians, sales people, television personalities and the like who do not want their audience to detect that they are unsure of themselves or nervous.

Hand to face gestures

The Mouth Guard

• The mouth guard is one of the few adult gestures that is as obvious as a child's. The hand covers the mouth and the thumb is pressed against the cheek as the brain sub-consciously instructs it to try and suppress the deceitful words that are being said. Sometimes this gesture may only be several fingers over the mouth or even a closed fist, but its meaning remains the same.
• Many people try to disguise the mouth guard gesture by giving a fake cough.If the person who is speaking uses this gesture, it indicates that he is telling a lie. If, however, he covers his mouth while you are speaking, it indicates that he feels you are lying!

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Nose Touching and Eye Rub

• The Nose Touch - In essence, the nose touch gesture is a sophisticated, disguised version of the mouth guard gesture. It may consist of several light rubs below the nose or it may be one quick, almost imperceptible touch. Like the mouth guard gesture, it can be used both by the speaker to disguise his own deceit and by the listener who doubts the speaker's words.
• The Eye Rub - 'See no evil' says the wise monkey, and this gesture is the brain's attempt to block out the deceit, doubt or lie that it sees or to avoid having to look at the face of the person to whom he is telling the lie. Men usually rub their eyes vigorously and if the lie is a big one they will often look away, normally towards the floor. Women use a small, gentle rubbing motion just below the eye, either because they have been brought up to avoid making robust gestures, or to avoid smudging make-up. They also avoid a listener's gaze by looking at the ceiling.

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Ear Rub and Neck Scratch

• The Ear Rub - This is, in effect, an attempt by the listener to 'hear no evil' in trying to block the words by putting the hand around or over the ear. This is the sophisticated adult version of the handsover-both-ears gesture used by the young child who wants to block out his parent's reprimands. Other variations of the ear rub gesture include rubbing the back of the ear, the finger drill (where the fingertip is screwed back and forth inside the ear), pulling at the earlobe or bending the entire ear forward to cover the earhole. This last gesture is a signal that the person has heard enough or may want to speak.
• The Neck Scratch - In this case, the index finger of the writing hand scratches below the earlobe, or may even scratch the side of the neck. Our observation of this gesture, reveals an interesting point. The person scratches about five times. Rarely is the number of scratches less than five and seldom more than five. This gesture is a signal of doubt or uncertainty and is characteristic of the person who says, "I'm not sure I agree." It is very noticeable when the verbal language contradicts it, for example, when the person says something like, "I can understand how you feel."

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Collar Pull Gesture and Fingers in the Mouth Gesture

• The Collar Pull - when a person is feeling angry or frustrated or sweating and needs to pull the collar away from his neck in an attempt to let the cool air circulate around it. When you see someone use this gesture, a question like, "Would you repeat that, please?" or, "Could you clarify that point, please?" can cause the would-be deceiver to give the game away.
• Fingers in the Mouth - Morris's explanation of this gesture is that the fingers are placed in the mouth when a person is under pressure. Whereas most hand-to-mouth gestures involve lying or deception, the fingers-in-mouth gesture is an outward manifestation of an inner need for reassurance. Giving the person guarantees and assurances is appropriate when this gesture appears.

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Cheek Gestures

• Boredom Gesture - When the listener begins to use his hand to support his head, it is a signal that boredom has set in and his supporting hand is an attempt to hold his head up to stop himself from falling asleep. Extreme boredom and lack of interest are shown when the head is fully supported by the hand.
• Interested Gesture - Interested gesture is shown by a closed hand resting on the cheek, often with the index finger pointing upwards. Should the person begin to lose interest but wish to appear interested, for courtesy's sake, the position will alter slightly so that the heel of the palm supports the head.
• Genuine interest is shown when the hand is on the cheek, not used as a head support.

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Chin Stroking Gestures

• When the index finger points vertically up the cheek and the thumb supports the chin, the listener is having negative or critical thoughts about the speaker or his subject. Often the index finger may rub or pull at the eye as the negative thoughts continue.
• The next time you have the opportunity to present an idea to a group of people, watch them carefully as you give your idea and you will notice something fascinating. Most, if not all the members of your audience will bring one hand up to their faces and begin to use evaluation gestures. As you come to the conclusion of your presentation and ask for the group to give opinions or suggestions about the idea, the evaluation gestures will cease. One hand will move to the chin and begin a chin-stroking gesture.
• This chin-stroking gesture is the signal that the listener is making a decision. When you have asked the listeners for a decision and their gestures have changed from evaluation to decision-making.

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Head-Rubbing and Head-Slapping Gestures

• Pain in Neck Gesture - A person who uses this when lying usually avoids your gaze and looks down. This gesture is also used as a signal of frustration or anger and, when this is the case, the hand slaps the back of the neck first and then begins to rub the neck.
• Forgetfulness Gesture - The slapping of the head communicates forgetfulness, the person signals how he feels about you or the situation by the position used when he slaps his hand on his head, either the forehead or the neck. If he slaps his forehead he signals that he is not intimidated by your having mentioned his forgetfulness, but when he slaps the back of his neck. He non-verbally tells you that you are literally a 'pain-in-the-neck' for pointing out his error.

Hand and arm gestures

Rubbing the palms together

• Rubbing the palms together - Rubbing the palms together is a way in which people non-verbally communicate positive expectation.

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Hands Clenched Together

Research by Nierenberg and Calero on the hands-clenched position brought them to the conclusion that this was a frustration gesture, signalling that the person was holding back a negative attitude. The gesture has three main positions,

• The person would be more difficult to handle when the hands are held high, than he would be with the person whom hands resting on the desk position. Like all negative gestures, some action needs to be taken to unlock the person's fingers to expose the palms and the front of the body, or the hostile attitude will remain.

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Steepling Hands

People who are confident, superior types or who use minimal or restricted body gestures often use this gesture, and, by doing so, they signal their confident attitude. It is frequently used in superior/subordinate interaction and that it can be an isolated gesture which indicates a confident or 'know-it-all' attitude. Managers often use this gesture position when giving instructions or advice to subordinates and it is particularly common among accountants, lawyers, managers and the like. The gesture has two versions,

• The Raised Steeple - The position is normally taken when the steepler is giving his opinions or ideas and is doing the talking.
• The Lowered Steeple - The position is normally used when the steepler is listening rather than speaking.

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Gripping Hands, Arms and Wrists

• Superiority/Confidence Gesture - Several prominent male members of the British Royal Family are noted for their habit of walking with their head up, chin out and one palm gripping the other hand behind the back. Not only does British Royalty use this gesture; it is common among Royalty of many countries. On the local scene, the gesture is used by the policeman patrolling his beat, the headmaster of the local school when he is walking through the school yard, senior military personnel and others in a position of authority.
• Hand-Gripping-Wrist Gesture - which is a signal of frustration and an attempt at self-control. In this case one hand grips the other wrist or arm very tightly as if it is an attempt by one arm to prevent the other from striking out.
• Upper Arm Grip Gesture - The further the hand is moved up the back, the more angry the person has become. He is showing a greater attempt at self-control than the man in Hand-Gripping-Wrist Gesture man, because the hand is gripping the upper arm, not just the wrist. It is this type of gesture that has given rise to such expressions as, 'Get a good grip on yourself'.

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Thumb Displays

The thumbs denote strength of character and ego and the non-verbal use of thumbs agrees with this. They are used to display dominance, superiority or even aggression; thumb gestures are secondary gestures, a supportive part of a gesture cluster. Thumb displays are positive signals, often used in the typical pose of the 'cool' manager who uses them in the presence of subordinates.

• Dominant Male - Arms folded with thumbs pointing upwards is another popular thumb gesture position. This is a double signal, being that of a defensive or negative attitude, (folded arms) plus a superior attitude (displayed by the thumbs). The person using this double gesture usually gesticulates with his or her thumbs, and rocking on the balls of the feet when standing is common.
• Dominant Female - Dominant or aggressive women also use this gesture. The women's movement has allowed them to adopt many male gestures and positions. In addition to all this, thumb thrusters will often rock on the balls of their feet to give the impression of extra height.

Palm gestures

Palm Gestures

• Submissive Palm Position - The palm facing up is used as a submissive, non-threatening gesture, reminiscent of the pleading gesture of a street beggar. The person being asked to move the box will not feel that the request is given with pressure and, in a normal superior/subordinate situation, will not feel threatened by the request.
• Dominant Palm Position - When the palm is turned to face downwards, you will have immediate authority. The person to whom you have directed the request feels that he has been given an order to remove the box and may feel antagonistic towards you, depending on your relationship with him. For example, if the person to whom you gave the request was a co-worker of equal status, he could reject your palm-down request and would be more likely to carry out your wish if you had used the palm-up position. If the person to whom you give the request is your subordinate, the palm-down gesture is acceptable, as you have the authority to use it.
• Aggressive Palm Position - The palm is closed into a fist and the pointed finger becomes a symbolic club with which the speaker figuratively beats his listener into submission. The pointed finger is one of the most irritating gestures that a person can use while speaking, particularly when it beats time to the speaker's words. If you are an habitual finger-pointer, try practising the palm-up and palm-down positions and you will find that you create a more relaxed attitude and have a more positive effect on other people.

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Shaking Hands

• Glove Handshake - The glove handshake is sometimes called the politician's handshake. The initiator tries to give the receiver the impression that he is trustworthy and honest, but when this technique is used on a person he has just met, it has the reverse effect. The receiver feels suspicious and cautious about the initiator's intentions. The glove should only be used with people to whom the initiator is well-known.

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Double Handed Handshakes

• The intention of the double-handed handshake is to show sincerity, trust or depth of feeling towards the receiver. Two significant elements should be noticed. Firstly, the left hand is used to communicate the extra feeling that the initiator wishes to transmit and its extent is related to the distance that the initiator's left hand is moved up the receiver's right arm.
• Elbow Grasp - The elbow grasp, transmits more feeling than the wrist hold, and the shoulder hold.
• In general, the wrist hold and the elbow grasp are acceptable only between close friends or relatives and in these cases, the initiator's left hand penetrates only the receiver's intimate zone.

• The shoulder hold and the upper arm grip enter the receiver's close intimate zone and may involve actual body contact. They should be used only between people who experience a close emotional bond at the time of the handshake.

Body Language

Shoulder Shrug Gesture

• The shoulder shrug is also a good example of a universal gesture that is used to show that a person does not know or understand what you are talking about. It is a multiple gesture that has three main parts: exposed palms, hunched shoulders and raised brow.

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The Ring or 'OK' Gesture

• The 'OK' meaning is common to all English-speaking countries and it means "All correct".

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The Thumb-Up Gesture

• In Britain, Australia and New Zealand the thumb-up gesture has three meanings, it is commonly used by hitch-hikers who are thumbing a lift, it is an OK signal, and when the thumb is jerked sharply upwards it becomes an insult signal, meaning 'up yours' or 'sit on this'. In some countries, such as Greece, its main meaning is 'get stuffed'.

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Congruence (state of agreement)

• We often see a high ranking politician standing behind a lectern with his arms tightly folded across his chest (defensive) and chin down (critical or hostile), while telling his audience how receptive and open he is to the ideas of young people.

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How To Tell Lies Successfully

Steam Boilers and Engines

1.The object of producing draught in a boiler is

to provide an adequate supply of air for the fuel combustion to exhaust the gases of combustion from the combustion chamber to discharge the gases of combustion to the atmosphere through the chimney all of the above

2.In a glass tube type water indicator for a boiler, one end of the tube is connected to water space and the other end is connected to

water space also chimney steam space superheater

3.In water tube boilers

water passes through the tubes which are surrounded by flames and hot gases the flames and hot gases pass through the tubes which are surrounded by water forced circulation takes place none of these

4.Which of the following statement is wrong ?

Locomotive boiler is a water tube boiler. Water tube boilers are internally fired. La-mont boiler is a low pressure water tube boiler. all of the above

5.When the speed of the crankshaft is between 100 r.p.m. and 250 r.p.m., the engine said to be a

slow speed engine medium speed steam engine high speed steam engine none of these

Fuels and Combustion

1.Higher efficiency in the combustion of solid fuel can not be achieved by

proper fuel preparation. keeping the flue gas exhaust temperature very high. adopting efficient-fuel firing technique & equipment. supplying correct quantity of combustion air.

2.A coal containing very high percentage of durain is called __________ coal.

bright splint non-banded boghead

3. During combustion of gaseous fuels, deficiency of air

engthens the flame. tends to shorten the flame. does not affect the flame length. increases the flame temperature.

4.Gross and net calorific value of a fuel will be the same

if its ash content is zero. ifits carbon content is very low. if its hydrogen/hydrogen compound content is zero. under no circumstances.

5.Low temperature carbonisation

is mainly for producing the smokeless domestic coke. is meant for the production of 'metallurgical coke'. produces higher quantity of gas than high temperature carbonisation. produces less quantity of tar than high temperature carbonisation.

Voltage, Current and Resistance

1.When the speed at which a conductor is moved through a magnetic field is increased, the induced voltage

increases decreases remains constant reaches zero

2.The induced voltage across a coil with 250 turns that is located in a magnetic field that is changing at a rate of 8 Wb/s is

1,000 V 2,000 V 31.25 V 3,125 V

3.For a given wirewound core, an increase in current through the coil

reverses the flux lines decreases the flux density increases the flux density causes no change in flux density

4.If the cross-sectional area of a magnetic field increases, but the flux remains the same, the flux density

increases decreases remains the same doubles

5.When the current through the coil of an electromagnet reverses, the

direction of the magnetic field reverses direction of the magnetic field remains unchanged magnetic field expands magnetic field collapses

Magnetism and Electromagnetism

1.When the speed at which a conductor is moved through a magnetic field is increased, the induced voltage

increases decreases remains constant reaches zero

2.The induced voltage across a coil with 250 turns that is located in a magnetic field that is changing at a rate of 8 Wb/s is

1,000 V 2,000 V 31.25 V 3,125 V

3.For a given wirewound core, an increase in current through the coil

reverses the flux lines decreases the flux density increases the flux density causes no change in flux density

4.If the cross-sectional area of a magnetic field increases, but the flux remains the same, the flux density

increases decreases remains the same doubles

5.When the current through the coil of an electromagnet reverses, the

direction of the magnetic field reverses direction of the magnetic field remains unchanged magnetic field expands magnetic field collapses

Transformers

1.What kVA rating is required for a transformer that must handle a maximum load current of 8 A with a secondary voltage of 2 kV?

4 kVA 0.25 kVA 16 kVA 8 kVA

2. The turns ratio required to match an 80 source to a 320 ohm load is

80 20 4 2

3.When the turns ratio of a transformer is 20 and the primary ac voltage is 12 V, the secondary voltage is

12V 120V 240V 2400 V

4.If a transformer has 50 turns in the primary winding and 10 turns in the secondary winding, what is the reflective resistance if the secondary load resistance is 250 ?

250 25 6250 62500

5.A certain transformer has 400 turns in the primary winding and 2,000 turns in the secondary winding. The turns ratio is

0.2 0.4 5 25

Microwave Communication

1. The velocity factor of a transmission line depends on

temperature skin effect relative permittivity of dielectric none of the above

2.A loss less line of characteristic impedance Z0 is terminated in pure reactance of -jZ0 value. VSWR is

10 2 1 infinity

3.In a klystron amplifier the input cavity is called

buncher catcher Pierce gun collector

4.In a circular waveguide the dominant mode is

TE01 TE11 TE20 TE21

5. The reflection coefficient on a line is 0.2 ∠45°. The SWR is

0.8 1.1 1.2 1.5

Radio Receivers

1.The noise generated by a resistor depends upon

its resistance value its operating temperature both its resistance value and operating temperature none of the above

2.In a superheterodyne receiver

the IF stage has better selectivity than RF stage the RF stage has better selectivity than IF stage the RF stage has same selectivity than IF stage none of the above

3.The function of an AM detector circuit is to

rectify the input signal discard the carrier provide audio signal all of the above

4.Which of the following should be used in order to prevent overloading or the last IF amplifier in a receiver?

Variable selectivity Variable sensitivity Double conversion Squelch

5.Most popular IF for receivers tuning to 540 to 1650 kHz is

433 kHz 455 kHz 545 kHz 555 kHz